INTRODUCTION
It was Aristotle, apparently, who first
drew attention to what he considered necessary in the structure of a
piece of writing - he was speaking of drama but I think it's
applicable to most creative writing.
He said
'A whole is what has a beginning, a
middle and an end.'
Other people have had ideas about what
order these should come in and we'll come to that later.
CHRONOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
Billy Connolly's poem
Aristotle considers these
three aspects of structure.
Aristotle BY BILLY
COLLINS
This is the
beginning.
Almost anything can
happen.
This is where you
find
the creation of
light, a fish wriggling onto land,
the first word
of Paradise
Lost on
an empty page.
Think of an egg,
the letter A,
a woman ironing on
a bare stage
as the heavy
curtain rises.
This is the very
beginning.
The first-person
narrator introduces himself,
tells us about his
lineage.
The mezzo-soprano
stands in the wings.
Here the climbers
are studying a map
or pulling on their
long woollen socks.
This is early on,
years before the Ark, dawn.
The profile of an
animal is being smeared
on the wall of a
cave,
and you have not
yet learned to crawl.
This is the
opening, the gambit,
a pawn moving
forward an inch.
This is your first
night with her,
your first night
without her.
This is the first
part
where the wheels
begin to turn,
where the elevator
begins its ascent,
before the doors
lurch apart.
This is the middle.
Things have had
time to get complicated,
messy, really.
Nothing is simple anymore.
Cities have
sprouted up along the rivers
teeming with people
at cross-purposes—
a million schemes,
a million wild looks.
Disappointment
unshoulders his knapsack
here and pitches
his ragged tent.
This is the sticky
part where the plot congeals,
where the action
suddenly reverses
or swerves off in
an outrageous direction.
Here the narrator
devotes a long paragraph
to why Miriam does
not want Edward's child.
Someone hides a
letter under a pillow.
Here the aria rises
to a pitch,
a song of betrayal,
salted with revenge.
And the climbing
party is stuck on a ledge
halfway up the
mountain.
This is the bridge,
the painful modulation.
This is the thick
of things.
So much is crowded
into the middle—
the guitars of
Spain, piles of ripe avocados,
Russian uniforms,
noisy parties,
lakeside kisses,
arguments heard through a wall—
too much to name,
too much to think about.
And this is the
end,
the car running out
of road,
the river losing
its name in an ocean,
the long nose of
the photographed horse
touching the white
electronic line.
This is the
colophon, the last elephant in the parade,
the empty
wheelchair,
and pigeons
floating down in the evening.
Here the stage is
littered with bodies,
the narrator leads
the characters to their cells,
and the climbers
are in their graves.
It is me hitting
the period
and you closing the
book.
It is Sylvia Plath
in the kitchen
and St. Clement
with an anchor around his neck.
This is the final
bit
thinning away to
nothing.
This is the end,
according to Aristotle,
what we have all
been waiting for,
what everything
comes down to,
the destination we
cannot help imagining,
a streak of light
in the sky,
a hat on a peg, and
outside the cabin, falling leaves.
WRITING TASK
Write down five or
six things, incidents, images etc. under each of these headings:
beginnings, middles
endings.
From this create a
piece of your own - poetry or prose
Freytag's
Pyramid
- a development of Aristotle's theory of structure.
Can apply to poems
as well as narratives.
Can add Denouement
on the right-hand horizontal
IN MEDIAS RES
Other 'thinkers'
have had ideas about the order beginning, middle and ending might
appear.
Jean-Luc Goddard
[sometimes attributed to other commentators] said that ' A story
should have a beginning, a middle and an end but not necessarily in
that order.'
Martin Amis's novel
Time's Arrow is told backwards
Daphne du Maurier's
Rebecca is book-ended by the present and told mostly in flashback
This technique has
a venerable history. Its posh name is in
medias res which
translates as into the middle of things.
Examples of
poetry and fiction that starts in the middle:
in
medias res: into the middle
of things
'Whoever
Was Using This Bed' by Raymond Carver
The call comes in the middle of the
night, three in the morning, and it nearly scares us to death.
“Answer it, answer it!” my wife
cries. “My God who is it? Answer it!”
I can’t find the light, but I get to
the other room, where the phone is, and pick it up after the fourth
ring.
'The Voice' by Thomas Hardy
Woman much missed how you call to me,
call to me
Saying that now you are not as you were
When you had changed from the one who was
all to me
But as at first, when our day was fair.
'The Gambler' by Dostoevsky
At
length I returned from two weeks leave of absence to find that my
patrons had arrived three days ago in Roulettenberg. I received from
them a welcome quite different to that which I had expected. The
General eyed me coldly, greeted me in rather haughty fashion, and
dismissed me to pay my respects to his sister. It was clear that from
SOMEWHERE money had been acquired. I thought I could even detect a
certain shamefacedness in the General's glance.
'Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy
Evening' by Robert Frost
Whose woods these are I think I know.
His house is in the village, though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.
'Lila' by Marilynne Robinson
The child was just there on the stoop in
the dark, hugging herself against the cold, all cried out and nearly
sleeping. She couldn't holler any more and they didn't hear her
anyway, or they might and that would make things worse. Somebody had
shouted, Shut that thing up or I'll do it! and then a woman grabbed
her from under the table by her arm and pushed her out onto the stoop
and shut the door and the cats went under the house. They wouldn't
let her near them any more because she picked them up by their tails
sometimes.
Picture + boxes
NB The idea here is
to write the synopsis of a story. It's not for writing the story
itself.
A similar diagram
of the Cinderella story would have:
Beginning:
Cinderella is forced to work as a servant to a cruel stepmother and
stepsisters.
Middle: In
spite of her situation, by using magic, her fairy godmother helps her
to attend
the
Princes' Ball. She is warned that the magic stops working at
midnight. At the
ball
she attracts the attention of the Prince but has to hurry away as the
clock
strikes
midnight. One of her evening slippers is left behind.
End: After a
fruitless search for the owner of the slipper, the Price arrives at
Cinderella's
house and finds that the slipper fits her. he asks her to marry him.
Cue: violins!
Beginning
Middle
The party gets
noisy. Grandpa, hands over his head, is whooping and encouraging
everyone to join in. Josie leans over to comfort Daisy who is upset
and covering her ears with her hands. Paul glances at Josie, over
Daisy's head. The look on his face suggests that this whole thing had
been a big mistake.
Ending
WRITING TASK -
for a group activity
The picture is the
Middle scene of this story. In the Middle box, give the character a
name and say what you think is happening. 5 Minutes
Pass the sheet to
the next person.
Now fill in the
Beginning box. What happened before the Middle? 5 Minutes
Pass sheet on.
Fill in the Ending
box. If you can think of a suitable title write it at the top of the
Beginning box.
The same technique
can be used in individual writing, to help structure the plot of a
story or the 'shape' of a poem
Using postcards
and pictures.
Choose one picture
and use it as one scene in a three scene story.
Heather Shaw